Thomas Malthus on Population

In 1798, a 32-year-old British economist anonymously published a lengthy pamphlet criticizing the views of the Utopians who believed that life could and would definitely improve for humans on earth. The hastily written text, An Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers, was published by Thomas Robert Malthus. Thomas Robert Malthus Born on February 14 or 17, 1766 in Surrey, England, Thomas Malthus was educated at home. His father was a Utopian and a friend of the philosopher David Hume. In 1784 he attended Jesus College and graduated in 1788; in 1791 Thomas Malthus earned his masters degree. Thomas Malthus argued that because of the natural human urge to reproduce human population increases geometrically (1, 2, 4, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, etc.). However, food supply, at most, can only increase arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.). Therefore, since food is an essential component to human life, population growth in any area or on the planet, if unchecked, would lead to starvation. However, Malthus also argued that there are preventative checks and positive checks on the  population that slow its growth and keep the population from rising exponentially for too long, but still, poverty is inescapable and will continue. Thomas Malthus example of population growth doubling was based on the preceding 25 years of the brand-new United States of America. Malthus felt that a young country with fertile soil like the U.S. would have one of the highest birth rates around. He liberally estimated an arithmetic increase in agricultural production of one acre at a time, acknowledging that he was overestimating but he gave agricultural development the benefit of the doubt. According to Thomas Malthus, preventative checks are those that affect the birth rate and include marrying at a later age (moral restraint), abstaining from procreation, birth control, and homosexuality. Malthus, a religious chap (he worked as a clergyman in the Church of England), considered birth control and homosexuality to be vices and inappropriate (but nonetheless practiced). Positive checks are those, according to Thomas Malthus, that increase the death rate. These include disease, war, disaster, and finally  when other checks dont reduce the population, famine. Malthus felt that the fear of famine or the development of famine was also a major impetus to reduce the birth rate. He indicates that potential parents are less likely to have children when they know that their children are likely to starve. Thomas Malthus also advocated welfare reform. Recent Poor Laws had provided a system of welfare that provided an increased amount of money depending on the number of children in a family. Malthus argued that this only encouraged the poor to give birth to more children as they would have no fear that increased numbers of offspring would make eating any more difficult. Increased numbers of poor workers would reduce labor costs and ultimately make the poor even poorer. He also stated that if the government or an agency were to provide a certain amount of money to every poor person, prices would simply rise and the value of money would change. As well, since population increases faster than production, the supply would essentially be stagnant or dropping so the demand would increase and so would price. Nonetheless, he suggested that capitalism was the only economic system that could function. The ideas that Thomas Malthus developed came before the industrial revolution and focuses on plants, animals, and grains as the key components of the diet. Therefore, for Malthus, available productive farmland was a limiting factor in population growth. With the industrial revolution and the increase in agricultural production, land has become a less important factor than it was during the 18th century. Thomas Malthus printed the second edition of his Principles of Population in 1803 and produced several additional editions until the sixth edition in 1826. Malthus was awarded the first professorship in Political Economy at the East India Companys College at Haileybury and was elected to the Royal Society in 1819. Hes often known today as the patron saint of demography and while some argue that his contributions to population studies were unremarkable, he did indeed cause population and demographics to become a topic of serious academic study. Thomas Malthus died ​in Somerset, England in 1834.

Public Relations The s Mission, Purpose, Strategic...

[FONTERRA CRISIS] PUBLIC RELATIONS ASSIGNMENT PUBLIC RELATION MAR 8087. NAME:KOTAPATI.GOPINATH REDDY ROLL NO:C2190 SUBMITING TO:NIYAZ 1Q State what Fonterra’s mission, purpose, strategic plans, structure, policies and current relation issues are. How do you think this will this affect the public relations campaign and what should be the objectives of that campaign? Vision / mission:- It’s this passion that is reflected in our vision to share dairy with the world. Around the world we want our customers to think ‘Fonterra’ first when they think dairy. In our branded markets we want our consumers to have our brands top-of-mind as the leaders of dairy. If we achieve this we will have achieved our vision of being the natural source of dairy nutrition for everybody, everywhere, every day. Its’ a bold goal, but it’s grounded in reality. We have what it takes. †¢ Fonterra has generations of dairy expertise behind us. We will be at the forefront of dairy innovation for generations to come. †¢ Every day, our knowledge, our products and our people combine to bring the best of dairy to our customers and consumers around the world and the best returns to our business. Each day, we add to our reputation. †¢ For us, tomorrow is not just another day – it’s an opportunity to make our vision real. VALUES:- †¢ As individuals, we are shaped by different cultural, professional and personal experiences. †¢ Our shared values enable us to combine our personal strengths with those ofShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of The Acu Induction Program1288 Words   |  6 Pagesrole and responsibilities and to the ACU Mission, culture, ethos, community, organisational structure and the legal requirements associated with employment at the University. 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Eight Unique Features of E-commerce Technology with examples

Question: Describe about the Features of E-Commerce Company for Amazon.com. Answer: Introduction This report deals with features of E-Commerce Company, amazon.com. Amazon is a multinational retail and E-Commerce Company that deal with various ranges of clothing, foods, gifts, and many more products, headquartered in the city of Seattle, Washington. Amazon is UKs biggest retail group, especially in its fashion business and all kind of home furnishings. E-Commerce Company deals with four major market segments: C2C, B2B, B2C, and C2B. Amazon basically deals with B2C and B2B model of E-Commerce, where they offer various products to their customers (Amazon.co.uk. 2016).Recently electronic commerce company typically uses websites to deliver product through online shopping and provides a single platform to reach customers. This report analyses the features and benefits of Amazon and features of e-commerce. Amazon is working all over the world and delivers their product in global market. It is a platform that gives lots of variety to the customer for the same kind of product line, also allows comparing various products and the price of those products. E-commerce model There are many electronic commerce models depends upon which company adopt which type of model to deliver their product to customers. Organization categorizes business model of e commerce sectors in four major parts: Consumer to Consumer, Business to Business, Business to Consumer, and Consumer to Business. Amazon uses Business to Consumer and Business to Business model to deliver their product to customers and allow various sellers to reach their target customers as well (Hartono et al. 2014). The business model for online retailer is often known as e-tailers and e-distributors. This depends upon the type of market Amazon focus on. Amazon in the Business to Consumer sectors focus on individual consumers and in Business to Business they target the seller to offer various product on their websites. A customer can view products directly on the website of Amazon and choose a product to order the same (Huang and Benyoucef 2013). Figure 1: Business to customer model Source: Created by author Seven features of e-commerce (Amazon) According to Huang and Benyoucef (2015), the main features of E-commerce Retail Company are to reach people at a mass to offer huge option for shopping. That reduces time and help people to shop from home. That reduces the effort of people in their day to day life. The seven unique feature of E-commerce is: Ubiquity, Global reach, Universal standard, Richness, Interactivity, Information density, and personalization. Ubiquity Amazon is characterized by its ubiquity, it is available almost everywhere. Amazon provides E-Commerce solution to the customers and gives their presence to every where through their websites (Qu et al. 2015). Customers can purchase products without going anywhere to physical stores or out let of the company and they can make purchase from their desktop only. Amazon offers product of many companies and brand in a single platform which help them to reach to their prospects and customer can also get their needs fulfilled. The ubiquity of Amazon lowers the cognitive energy that refers to mental effort required to complete the task. Global Reach Amazon allows business transaction on the global boundaries more easily reachable and more effective with respect to traditional business. The total number of customer Amazon can get depends on their reach to the global market. Without going any outlet Amazon help other brand and customer to reach a single platform to buy or and selling their product (Dorius and Alwin 2012). In contrast with traditional business, Amazon crossed national boundaries to global customer. Universal standard E-Commerce technology is an unusual technology that makes Amazon to deliver same standard of product to everyone locally or globally. Standard can greatly affect the market and also reduces the cost of delivery the products to the customers. Amazons product remains same to their every customer and the way they deliver that to the customer. Amazon is a E-Commerce giant, hence they maintain their standard worldwide. They are doing well in terms of quality of their product as various brand remains under same platform. Richness Advertisement and promotional activity is important to any business. Amazon can deliver the advertisement and promotional activity to the customer through the internet very effectively. And that advertisement help to sell product to the mass and that influence the customer to a great extent. One of the lacking is that the company and business are not able to reach the target people physically. The traditional business enjoyed the same but Amazon trying to reach mass by advertisements and offers they provide to customers. Interactivity Amazon selling activity or mode of selling is two way communications as both customer and seller can express themselves in a same platform as well. Customers get what they want to purchase and seller sells what they manufacture to satisfy the customers need and demand. Amazon tries to engage a consumer in a same way similar to face to face experience in global scale. It is not possible to meet customers physically if a company is dealing with E-Commerce Company so keeping in touch with customers and making the transaction interactive is one of the features of Amazon. Information density The density of information affects the business that can be reduced through internet technology and reduces the information collection and processing cost (Speyer 2015). But it also increases the accuracy and information is more useful tool for the E-Commerce. Amazon reduces information search regarding various brands, processing of same and the communication cost as a result it increases the quality of search to fulfill the demand as required. Amazon can discover customers interest, at the same time company can offer same product with a competitive price to the cost sensitive customers. That helps Amazon to enhance their product in term of quality, cost and brand. Personalization/ Customization According to Bharati and Chaudhury (2015), Amazon customizes their website to reach people of various countries. They design the website according to the conveniences of the locals of that country. E-Commerce provides stronger customer relation through the personalized service as well. Personalized and customized offering of Amazon also helps them to increase the customer satisfaction level. This also permits Amazon to understand the consumer behavior through their past purchase and company offers them product accordingly. Amazon personalize low priced product of their customer but they lack in customizing high price products because the brands of high quality deliver their customized product to customer. Implementation of feature by Amazon An E-Commerce company acquire above feature to enhance their business so that they can achieve their organizational goal and customer satisfaction (Bermudez et al. 2012). Amazon follows all the above features but lacks in some of the points and doing well in some of them. Features of E-commerce(Amazon) Standards Business significance (Amazon) Improvement required Ubiquity Availability of web and internet technology Doing well: web technology Global reach Global offering of product Doing well: globally reached Universal standards Single set of standard worldwide Poor: depends on the product delivery Richness Video audio and message set Doing well: personal reach is present through web and social media. Interactivity Two way communication Poor: two way interaction is limited, based on feedback Information density Reduces information costs and raises quality Doing well: huge offering decrease information search Personalization / Customization Personalized message for individuals Poor: do not offer personalized products Table 1: feature illustration of Amazon Source: created by Author Findings Amazon as an E-Commerce company provides variety of product to all the customers nationally and internationally. This report found that Amazon: Provides wide range of product Is present in global market Provides personalized product Business model is very attractive to customers Fully working is internet market Suggestions Amazon is an E-Commerce giant need to concentrate on some of the part of their business. Amazon should create: Trust Security User friendly websites Site speed everywhere Provide meticulous details Review and testimonial desk Feedback desk for complaint solution. Action plan for Amazon The required action plan for the Amazon is to concentrate on various plan. The basic factors that need to concentrate are: customer service, marketing, public relation, research and development. The figure below illustrates the following fields. Activity Day 1 Day 15 Day 16- Day30 Day 31- Day 45 Day 45- Day 60 Customer service marketing Public relation Research and development Table 2: Action plan Source: Created by Author Conclusion This project concludes that Amazon has become an important part of daily lives in United Kingdom. The features that Amazon has making them a market leader in E-Commerce industry. Although with some of the lacking Amazon is trying to serve the customer with wide range of variety. This project also concludes that Amazon has presence in many country and they serve the customers of that country. Amazon is using their above mentioned features to make their business successful and getting customer loyalty as reward. Author concludes that with global presence Amazon is creating a benchmark for their competitor in a way to serve customer well. References Amazon.co.uk. (2016).Amazon.co.uk: Low Prices in Electronics, Books, Sports Equipment more. [online] Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk [Accessed 22 Mar. 2016]. Bermudez, G.M.T., Rojas, D.D. and Gomez, P.V., 2012, June. E-commerce model for the interaction of the links in the supply chain of the textile sector in Bogota Colombia. In7th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI 2012). Bharati, P. and Chaudhury, A., 2015. Product customization on the web: an empirical study of factors impacting choiceboard user satisfaction.Bharati, P. and Chaudhury, A.(2006),Product Customization on the Web: An Empirical Study of Factors Impacting Choiceboard User Satisfaction, Information Resources Management Journal,19(2), pp.69-81. Dorius, S.F. and Alwin, D.F., 2012. The global reach of egalitarianism: Worldwide trends in gender beliefs.Unpublished document, Iowa State University. Retrieved from https:// www. soc. iastate. edu/ staff/ dorius/ Cohort,20. Hartono, E., Holsapple, C.W., Kim, K.Y., Na, K.S. and Simpson, J.T., 2014. Measuring perceived security in B2C electronic commerce website usage: A respecification and validation.Decision Support Systems,62, pp.11-21. Huang, Z. and Benyoucef, M., 2013. From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(4), pp.246-259. Huang, Z. and Benyoucef, M., 2015. User preferences of social features on social commerce websites: An empirical study.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,95, pp.57-72. Qu, W.G., Pinsonneault, A., Tomiuk, D., Wang, S. and Liu, Y., 2015. The impacts of social trust on open and closed B2B e-commerce: A Europe-based study.Information Management,52(2), pp.151-159. Speyer, A., 2015. Information Density as a Factor for Embedding A language-historical Study of Causal Clauses.SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT,40(4), pp.453-485.

Lie and Deception

Mankind has been endowed with the gift of communication use both verbal and non-verbal means. However, meaningful communication among the people is usually distorted by willful lie and deception. Deception refers to intentional distraction of information between people in a relationship and usually leads to distrust between the partners (Rondina and Workman 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lie and Deception specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It usually involves the violation of rules governing relationships and is regarded to be an outright contravention of what is expected each of the relational party. In any interaction, people expect their close friends, family members, as well as unfamiliar persons to exercise the highest degree of truthfulness. It is unfortunate that human beings have a natural tendency of wanting to deceive in their day to day interactions. Some forms of deception that may be ment ioned include lies, concealments or omissions, understatement which involves limiting truth, equivocations where an individual make contradicting statements, and exaggeration of truth. A lie is the act of claiming to have some information or disseminating or withholding information from an individual (Cullen 2). Usually, the information supplied is farther from the truth. The research paper explores lie and deception from a psychological perspective. Different groups have realised the need to detect lies and deceptions especially the forensic psychologists, the police, security experts, and those in relationships. A lie refers to a statement that is usually made deliberately with an intention of misleading or deceiving another; it is a deliberate telling of falsehood (Rondina and Workman 3). It is also a form of deception and has been categorised into different types. They include: being economical with the truth, propaganda, bluffing, emergency lie, the big lie, and so forth. The a bility to detect lies and deceptions is a useful skill that any manager, employer, and many activities that help one from either becoming a victim. Psychological researchers have realised that they can investigate individuals suspected of lying. They use both body and language and can tell whether one is telling the truth or not (Cullen 25). It has been established that with objective observation of an individual’s body language by concentrating on the physical gestures as well as the verbal cues, one can tell if a person is lying or not. A number of physical gestures have been associated with deception and that it is possible to understand the body language. If an individual is being untruthful during communication, the individual’s overt expression will be limited and strained (Cullen 41). The movement of the arms and hand will also be limited and if any, they would be highly self-centered. They would also not spread their hands when seated on a sofa or leave them on their on when standing.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, the liar will appear to be shrinking into him/herself. Another clear that a person is not telling the truth is that he or she will not make direct eye contact or if made, it would be prolonged. In case of any hand movement, they would be directed towards the face, holding the throat as well as the mouth. Moreover, the individual would be touching their nose or rubbing at the back of their ear (Rondina and Workman 11). With keen observation, such an individual would not be seen touching the chest with widely opened hand. The standing posture also tells a lot about the truthfulness of what an individual is saying at any particular time and psychologists would read a lot from this. Psychological researchers in the field of human interactions in relation to lying have also found that emotional gestures can be used to effectively tell whether someone is being truthful (Cullen 49). A close observation of these gestures reveals clear contradictions from what would otherwise be natural expressions. When one is lying, the timing as well as the duration of emotional signs is usually out of the natural pace. The expression of these emotions may be delayed, or prolonged, and when they end suddenly than one would naturally anticipate (Rondina and Workman 16). For instance, when someone receives a gift and says â€Å"I love it!† in the course of receiving, and smiles later, instead of doing the two concurrently, the person would probably be insincere. On the other hand, there is usually a mismatch between the verbal statements and gestures or expressions when one is lying. A truthful person’s expressions would involve the whole face unlike the one who is telling a lie or faking emotions since the facial expressions would only involve the mouth. The other way through which one can detect lies is by investigating the behaviour of an individual interactions and how they react. Research findings reveal that a liar would always be on the defensive while an innocent person will always be offensive during interpersonal relationships (Rondina and Workman 30). Eye contact during interaction also tells a lot; the liar will often avoid direct eye contact with the questioner. A liar is likely to cross his hands over the chest as well as fold the legs; this is an indication that he or she is trying to withhold some information.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lie and Deception specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This scenario is usually evident during interviews or when police are interrogating a suspect. Liars are more likely to use the words of the questioner when answering. They are also known for avoiding pronouns and introducing other parties into what involves them, for instance: Police o fficer: Did you steal the electrical appliances from your neighbor? Suspect (While facing the ground): No, I did not steal any electrical appliances from my neighbor. Police officer: Where were you on the night of December 31, 2010? Suspect (With a raised tone): Even my family members know,†¦did not do anything evil on that night. It can be concluded that lying and deception raises moral concern when it comes to interpersonal relationships. The consequences of lying can be so hurting on the victim. People ought to be truthful in whatever they say or do despite the myth that truth is a bitter pill to swallow. Works Cited Cullen, Sharon. Understanding Deception. Samhain Plc. 2009: 1- 57Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rondina, Catherine Workman, Dan. Lying: Deal With It Straight Up. James Lorimer Co. 2006: 1-32 This research paper on Lie and Deception was written and submitted by user Tamia Howard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.